Restraint and Seclusion:
- A 26-Year Study of Restraint Fatalities Among Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Failure of Organizational Structures and Processes
- Faulty Assumptions Associated with the Use of Restraints with Children
- Adverse Effects Associated with Physical Restraint
- The crisis of trauma and abuse in our nation’s schools
- “He didn’t deserve that:” Remembering young people who’ve died from restraint and seclusion
- Collaborative & Proactive Solutions: A review of research findings in families, schools, and treatment facilities.
- A Study of One State’s School District Physical Restraint and Seclusion Policies
- 3 Bills That Aim To Protect Disabled Students From Harm In Schools
- Keeping All Students Safe Act 2023: Summary
- Keeping All Student Safe Act 2023: Bill Text
Suspension:
- Stricter middle schools raise the risk of adult arrests
- An Empirical Examination of the Effects of Suspension and Suspension Severity on Behavioral and Academic Outcomes
- Suspensions really do hurt students academically, new studies confirm
- 4 Myths About Suspensions That Could Hurt Students Long Term
- Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools?: An Evidentiary Review and Recommendations
- Suspended students more likely to get caught up in juvenile justice system, and vice versa
Expulsion:
Corporal Punishment:
- Corporal Punishment in US Public Schools: Prevalence, Disparities in Use, and Status in State and Federal Policy
- Corporal punishment is still legal in Oklahoma schools, Does it improve behaviors?
- Oklahomans should now know that corporal punishment harms kids
- School discipline needs an overhaul. We can start by banning corporal punishment. – Louisiana Illuminator
- The Striking Outlier: The Persistent, Painful, and Problematic Practice of Corporal Punishment in Schools
- WHO: Corporal Punishment and Health
- Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses – PMC
- World Bank: Ending Violence in Schools is an Investment
- Physical punishment of children: lessons from 20 years of research
- The Effect of Spanking on the Brain | Harvard Graduate School of Education
- Associations between spanking beliefs and reported spanking among adolescents-parent/caregiver dyads in a Canadian sample | BMC Public Health | Full Text
- Corporal Punishment and Elevated Neural Response to Threat in Children
- Corporal punishment, schools, and race: An update
- Historic Lynching and Corporal Punishment in Contemporary Southern Schools
- Protecting Our Students in Schools Act 2023: Summary
- Protecting Our Students in Schools Act 2023: Bill Text
Police Referral and Arrests:
- NO PLACE FOR KIDS
- Youth Confinement: The Whole Pie 2019 | Prison Policy Initiative
- What you need to know about school policing
School Resource Officers:
- The Thin Blue Line in Schools: New Evidence on School-Based Policing Across the US
- Presence of Armed School Officials and Fatal and Nonfatal Gunshot Injuries During Mass School Shootings, United States, 1980-2019 | Emergency Medicine | JAMA Network Open
- Envisioning School Safety Without Police
- Patrolling Public Schools: The Impact of Funding for School Police on Student Discipline and Long‐term Education Outcomes
- Police Officers in Schools: Effects on School Crime and the Processing of Offending Behaviors
- School Resource Officers (SROs), Explained
- Counseling Not Criminalization in Schools Act: Summary
- Counseling Not Criminalization in Schools Act: Bill Text
Disproportionality:
- An Overview of Exclusionary Discipline Practices in Public Schools for the 2017-18 School Year
- Disproportionality in student discipline: Connecting policy to research
- Racial Disparities in Elementary School Disciplinary Actions: Findings From the ABCD Study
- When schools call police on kids – Center for Public Integrity
- Black-White Girl School Arrest Risk
- Beyond Suspensions: Examining School Discipline Policies and Connections to the School-to-Prison Pipeline for Students of Color with Disabilities
- For Black students, unfairly harsh discipline can lead to lower grades
- Assessing the Role of School Discipline in Disproportionate Minority Contact with the Juvenile Justice System: Final Technical Report
- Black Girls Matter: Pushed Out..Overpoliced and Underprotected
- UCI-led study links school suspensions and expulsions with inequality in early adulthood | School of Social Sciences | UCI Social Sciences
- Lost Opportunities: How Disparate School Discipline Continues to Drive Differences in the Opportunity to Learn
- For Black students, unfairly harsh discipline can lead to lower grades
- An Alternative to Exclusionary Discipline
- Busting the school-to-prison pipeline takes more than diversity training | TheHill
- Students, Threat, Race, and Police: An Empirical Study
- The Striking Outlier: The Persistent, Painful, and Problematic Practice of Corporal Punishment in Schools | Southern Poverty Law Center
- Ending PUSHOUT Act 2023 : Summary
- Ending PUSHOUT Act 2023: Bill Text
